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A

Aboriginals

• Beothuk, definition

• decision making

• deculturation

• European alliances

• Han Aboriginals decimated in Yukon, late 1800s

• history of treaties
  

• land guarantees in Royal Proclamation, 1763

• Loyalists

• treaty making

• oral treaty making

• political agitation

• protest movements

• problems with prairie settlement

• residential schools

• rights movement

• protest movements

• right to vote

• settlement

• wars with French Europeans

• White and Red Papers

• women's issues

• views and beliefs about land ownership

Acadia

• brief history of
  

• definition

• impact of Ashburton-Webster Treaty, 1842 on former Acadian settlements

Acadians, deportation of

• definition
  

• essay on

Act of Union, 1840

• provisions of
  

• one of major constitutional documents
  

• division of seats in Assembly
  

African Canadians (blacks)

• definition
  

• Loyalists
  

• Underground Railroad
  

Alaska Boundary Dispute

Adjacent Territories Order

• allows Canada to annex territories

Alberta

• birth of
  

• gains Assembly

American Civil War

• as cause for Confederation

Anti-Asian Vancouver Riot, 1907

Articles of capitulation

• Québec and Montreal

Ashburton-Webster Treaty, 1842

• definition
  

• history of
  

Asian immigration

• early Chinese and Japanese Immigrants
  

• Chinese railway labourers, 1880s
  

• The Chinese Immigration Act and Head Tax, 1885
  

• Japanese exclusionism, 1907
  

• Anti-Asian Vancouver Riot, 1907
  

• Chinese Exclusion Act, 1923
  

• Japanese detainment during World War II, 1939 - 1945
  

• political refugees, 1970s
  

• Hong Kong immigration, 1980s and 1990s
  

Assimilation (Aboriginal)

• Indian Act, 1876
  

• period of, 1878 - 1896
  

Assimilation (French Canadian)

• assumption of French Canadian assimilation behind Royal Proclamation, 1763
  

• Château Clique promotes
  

• Durham Report recommendations
  

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B

Baldwin, Robert

• biography
  

• leader of moderate reformers
  

• forms first responsible government in Canada

Berger Commission

Bill C-31, 1985

Bond Head treaties

British Columbia

• birth of
  

• gains Assembly

British merchants

• in Halifax - agitating for representative government
  

• in Québec - agitating for representative government and common law
  

• cause removal of Governor Murray
  

• seek an elected assembly

British North America Act, 1867

• details of
  

• one of major constitutional documents

• impact on Aboriginals
  

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C

Cabinet government

• definition
  

• emergence of
  

• testing of
  

• evolution of
  

• part of unwritten constitution

Calder Case

Canada Company (1825)

• definition
  

• history of
  

Canada East

• see Lower Canada

Canadian Pacific Railway

• definition
  

• history of, 1867 - 1871
  

• The Pacific Scandal, 1872 - 1873
  

• history of, 1880 - 1885
  

Canada West

• see Upper Canada

Carleton, Sir Guy

• biography
  

• appointed governor of Québec
  

• favours civil law
  

• disagreement with merchants over Assembly
  

• instructions to
  

• feels Canadians too politically naïve for representative government
  

• province divided against wishes

Cartier, George-Étienne

• biography
  

• co-premier of John A. Macdonald
  

Catholic Church

• Bishop's power in New France
  

• privileged status withdrawn by Royal Proclamation, 1763
  

• Second Test Act not acceptable to members of faith
  

• right of worship guaranteed by Québec Act, 1774
  

• Bishop's power in Lower Canada

Champlain, Samuel de

• biography
  

• first governor of New France

• settles Acadia
  

Charlottetown Accord

• impact on Aboriginals

Chinese

• definition
  

• early immigration
  

• Chinese railway labourers, 1880s
  

• head tax, 1885 - 1923
  

• Anti-Asian Vancouver Riot, 1907
  

• World War II, 1939 - 1945
  

• Hong Kong immigration, 1980s and 1990s
  

Chinese Exclusion Act, 1923

Chinese Immigration Act, 1885

Civil law

• definition and history
  

• system of law in New France
  

• no provision for in Royal Proclamation, 1763
  

• British merchants agitate for end to
  

• permitted under Québec Act, 1774
  

• exists alongside common law
  

• see also Law

Civil list

• definition
  

• Atlantic Legislatures granted control of

Charles Lawrence

• biography
  

• resists representative government in Nova Scotia

Château Clique

• definition
  

• control of executive
  

• role and power in rebellions

Clergy reserves

• history of
  

• provisions made for in Constitutional Act, 1791
  

• one of causes for Upper Canada rebellion

Colonial Laws Validity Act

Common law

• definition and history
  

• exists alongside civil law
  

• see also Law

Communauté des habitants

• definition
  

• in New France

Compagnie des Cent-Associés

• definition
  

• in New France

Confederation

• move toward
  

• the Great Coalition
  

• roll of American Civil War
  

• roll of Fenian Invasions
  

• resistance to

Constitution Act, 1867

• see British North America Act, 1867

Constitution Act, 1982

• includes Charter of Rights
  

• one of major constitutional documents

• impact on Aboriginals

Constitutional Act, 1791

• provisions of
  

• new problems created by
  

• one of major constitutional documents

Constitutional conventions

Coureurs de Bois

• history of
  

Covenant Chain

• history of
  

• non-Loyalist Iroquois excluded from

Crown reserves

• history of
  

Custom of Paris

• forms basis of law in New France
  

• civil law in New France
  

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D

Denominational schools

• definition
  

• Constitutional provision in Alberta and Saskatchewan

Dominion Lands Act, 1872 and onward

• history of
  

Douglas Treaties

Doukhobors

• definition
  

• Prairie settlement of, circa 1898 - 1908
  

Drybones Case

Durham

• biography
  

• sent to Canada to investigate rebellions
  

• sent to Canada to investigate rebellions
  

• see also Report on the affairs of British North America

Durham Report

• see Report on the affairs of British North America
  

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E

Elgin, James Bruce, eight Earl

• biography
  

• supports establishment of responsible government
  

• passes Rebellion Losses Bill

Executive

• definition
  

• irresponsible
  

• growing hostility to Assemblies
  

European

• discovery of Canada
  

• Aboriginal alliances
  

• wars with Aboriginals
  

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F

Family Compact

• definition
  

• control of executive
  

• role and power in rebellions

Federal-provincial disputes

• provinces use JCPC to resist federal power
  

• power shifts back to federal government

Fenians

• definition
  

• invasions
  

• history of activity in Canada
  

Filles du roi

• history of
  

Fleming, Sir Sandford

• biography
  

• involvement surveying Intercolonial Railway
  

• involvement surveying Canadian Pacific
  

Fort Stanwix Treaty

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G

Galician immigrants, 1905 - 1911

Gold Rush (Klondike/Yukon), 1897 - 1898

Great Coalition

Great Peace of 1701

• role in Aboriginal decision making
  

"Gunshot Treaty"

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H

Halifax

• agitation of merchants for representative government

Head, Sir Francis Bond

• biography
  

• helps cause rebellions of 1837
  

• one of causes for Upper Canada rebellion

Home Children

• biography of Dr. Thomas Barnardo
  

Hudson's Bay Company

• definition
  

• barrier to westward expansion of Canada
  

• Rupert's Land annexed by Canada
  

• see also Rupert's Land
  

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I

Hind, Henry Youle

• biography
  

• Palliser-Hind exploration (1857 - 1860
  

I

Immigration

• Loyalists (1775 - 1812)
  

• British war veterans (1816 - 1833)
  

• restrictions and taxes, 1830s
  

• Irish famine and effects on, 1846 - 1847
  

• American, 1870s onward
  

• European, 1870s and 1880s
  

• female domestic servants, 1870 - 1914
  

• home children, 1870 - 1930s
  

• American migration to Yukon Territory, 1897 - 1898
  

• policies of Sir Clifford Sifton, 1896 - 1905
  

• religious settlement on Prairies, 1896 - 1914
  

• policies of Frank Oliver, 1905 - 1911
  

• informal exclusion of blacks, 1905 - 1914
  

• informal exclusion of Sikhs, 1905 - 1914
  

• Asian immigration
  

• effects of War Measures Act, 1914 and Wartime Elections Act, 1917
  

Immigration Act

• 1866 and 1869
  

• section on protection of female domestic servants at sea, circa 1882
  

• Chinese Immigration Act, 1885
  

• 1906 and 1910
  

• 1919
  

• Chinese Exclusion Act, 1923
  

• 1952
  

• Points System, 1967
  

• 1976
  

• 2001
  

Indian Act, 1876

• revisions, 1951

The Intercolonial Railway (Ontario to Nova Scotia), 1867 - 1876

Irish

• definition
  

• famine and effect on immigration, 1846 - 1847
  

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J

Japanese

• definition
  

• Japanese exclusionism in immigration policy, 1907
  

• Japanese internment, 1941 - 1946
  

Jay Treaty

James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement

Jewish People

• definition
  

• Prairie settlement of, 1870 - 1896
  

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

• definition
  

• essay on
  

• key judgments
  

• supports powers of provinces
  

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K

Klondike Gold Rush

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L

"The Last Best West"

Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine

• biography
  

• leader of French Canadian nationalists
  

• insists on speaking French
  

• forms first responsible government in Canada

Louisbourg

• history of
  

• definition
  

Law

• see civil law
  

• see common law
  

• common law and civil law (essay)
  

• two systems in Lower Canada

London Conference

Lower Canada (Canada East)

• created in Constitutional Act, 1791
  

• two systems of law
  

• rebellion
  

• see also Rebellions of 1837 and 1838
  

• reaction to Durham Report
  

• reunited with Upper Canada

Loyalists

• Aboriginal Loyalists
  

• absentee landlords
  

• Black Loyalists
  

• definition
  

• expectations for representative government
  

• Lower Canada Loyalists
  

• Maritime Loyalists
  

• overview
  

• Upper Canada Loyalists
  

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M

Macdonald, John A.

• biography
  

• calls for a federation
  

• becomes first Prime Minister of Canada after Confederation
  

• negotiates entry of more provinces into Confederation
  

• response to uprising in Northwest

Mackenzie, William Lyon

• biography
  

• leader of radical reformers

Manitoba

• birth of
  

• gains Assembly
  

• boundary dispute with Ontario

Maritime Union

• definition
  

• promoted by Governor Hamilton

Meech Lake Accord

• impact on Aboriginals

Mennonites

• definition

• Prairie settlement of, 1870 - 1896

• Prairie settlement of, 1896 - 1914

Migratory Birds, Treaty on

Moody, Susanna

• biography

• diaries

Montreal

• capitulation

Mormons

• definition

• Prairie settlement of, 1870 - 1896

• Prairie settlement of, 1896 - 1914

Murray, James

• biography
  

• administers martial law in New France
  

• first governor of Québec
  

• difficulties with British merchants
  

• recalled to London
  

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N

New Brunswick

• made a separate colony and gains Assembly
  

• gains control of civil list
  

• interest in Maritime Union
  

• enters Confederation
  

• equality of the French and English linguistic communities guaranteed

New France

• history of
  

• chartered companies
  

• civil law
  

• conquest by Britain
  

• Engagés
  

• Coureurs de bois
  

• Fille du roi
  

• habitants
  

• law in the royal province
  

• martial law, 1759-1763
  

• power structure

• seigneurs
  

• seigneurial system
  

• Seigneurial Tenures Act, 1854
  

• Urselines
  

Newfoundland

• gains representative government
  

• gives up responsible government
  

• entry into Confederation
  

• denominational schools

Niagara Treaty

• rescinding of

Nisga'a Treaty

Ninety-two Resolutions

• calls for responsible government

• symbol of rising nationalism

Northwest Mounted Police

• definition
  

• creation of
  

• role in Klondike Gold Rush, 1897 - 1898

Northwest Territories

• birth of
  

• gains Assembly
  

• creation of Nunavut from

Nova Scotia

• agitation of settlers for representative government
  

• first to gain representative government
  

• gains representative government
  

• remains loyal during American Revolution
  

• absentee landlord issue
  

• resistance to Confederation
  

• gains control of civil list
  

• gains responsible government
  

• interest in Maritime Union
  

• enters Confederation
  

• resistance to Confederation

Numbered Treaties

• One to Five
  

• Six and Seven

• Eight to Eleven
  
  
• overview
  
  
• motivations behind

Nunavut

• birth of

• Nunavut Land Claims Agreement
  

• gains Assembly
  

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O

Oath of allegiance

• as required by Royal Proclamation, 1763
  

• required by Acadians
  

• Second Test Act

Oka Crisis

Oliver, Frank

• biography
  

• immigration policies of, 1905 - 1911
  

Ontario

• created
  

• boundary dispute with Manitoba
  

• effect of Great Depression
  

• see also Upper Canada (Canada West)
  

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P

Palliser, John

• biography
  

• Palliser-Hind exploration (1857 - 1860)
  

• Palliser's Triangle, definition
  

Papineau, Louis-Joseph

• biography
  

• leads French Canadian nationalists
  

• calls for responsible government
  

• flees to United States

Peace and Friendship Treaties

Pemmican Proclamation, 1814

Potlatch, banning of

Pow-wows banned

Province of Canada Treaties

Prince Edward Island

• made a separate colony and gains Assembly
  

• remains loyal during American Revolution
  

• interest in Maritime Union
  

• resistance to Confederation
  

• enters Confederation
  

• absentee landlord issue
  

• Constitution amended to allow for bridge to mainland
  

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Q

Quarantine Act

• definition
  

• history of
  

Québec, Province of (1763-1791)

• created
  

• governed as Crown colony
  

• civil administration after Conquest
  

• Royal Proclamation as de facto constitution of Québec until 1774
  

• settlement of Loyalists
  

• divided by Constitutional Act, 1791
  

• population as reason for division
  

• see also Lower Canada (Canada East)

Québec, Province of (1867-present)

• created
  

• Quiet Revolution
  

• calls for a renewal of the Constitution
  

• see also Lower Canada (Canada East)

Québec

• founded
  

• capitulation

Québec Act, 1774

• addresses issues of law, religion and borders

• as a cause of American Revolution

• dissatisfaction with

• one of major constitutional documents

• prevents French Canadians from siding with American Revolutionaries

• implications for Aboriginals

Québec Conference and Resolutions

Quiet Revolution

• definition
  

• leads to calls for renewal of Constitution
  

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R

Railways

• Railway Act, 1851

• history of the Intercolonial Railway (Ontario to Nova Scotia), 1867 - 1876

• history of the Canadian Pacific (British Columbia to Ontario) 1867 - 1871

• The Pacific Scandal, 1872 - 1873

• history of the Canadian Pacific (British Columbia to Ontario) 1880 - 1885

• debts caused by

• Chinese labour, building the Canadian Pacific

Rebellion Losses Bill

• passed by Elgin

Rebellions of 1837 and 1838

• definition
  

• essay on
  

• background and documents relating to
  

• see also Durham

Reform Movement

• definition
  

• efforts blocked by executive
  

• calls for responsible government
  

• enthusiastic about Durham Report
  

• form Council in 1848

Refugees

• definition

• British Loyalist, 1775 - 1812

• Irish, 1846 - 1847

• European, 1870s and 1880s

• religious, 1896 - 1914

• Asian, 1970s

Renewed federalism

• push for in 1970s

"Rep by Pop"

• advocated in Canada West
  

• rejected in Charlottetown and Québec conferences

Representative government

• definition
  

• essay on
  

• gained in Constitutional Act, 1791
  

• granted to Newfoundland
  

• Loyalist expectations for
  

• move to in Québec
  

• Nova Scotia first to gain

Report on the affairs of British North America

• recommendations of
  

• recommendations of
  

• reaction in Britain
  

• reaction in Lower Canada
  

• reaction in Upper Canada

Residential Schools

• effect on deculturation

Responsible government

• definition
  

• essay on
  

• calls for in 1830s
  

• Atlantic provinces make more smooth transition to
  

• recommended by Lord Durham
  

• recommended by Lord Durham
  

• late resistance to
  

• won under Elgin
  

• tested and proven

Riel, Louis

• biography

• essay on rebellions led by
  

• leads Manitoba into Confederation
  

• leader of Northwest Rebellion

Royal Proclamation, 1763

• basis of civil administration in the new province of Québec
  

• de facto constitution of Québec until 1774
  

• no provision for civil law
  

• land guarantees for Aboriginals
  

• one of major constitutional documents

• implications for Aboriginals

Rupert's Land

• definition
  

• Rupert's Land annexed by Canada
  

• See also Hudson's Bay Company
  

Top of Page

S

Saskatchewan

• birth of
  

• gains Assembly

Second Test Act, 1678

• not acceptable to members of Catholic faith
  

• removed as required oath by office holders in Québec

Seigneuries

• definition
  

• exists alongside freehold system

• seigneurial system

Seigneurial Tenures Act, 1854

Selkirk Treaty

• sale of treaty lands

Seven Oaks Incident, 1816

Sifton, Sir Clifford

• biography

• Prairie settlement policies of

Simcoe, Lady Elizabeth

• biography

• diaries

Statute of Westminster, 1931

• ends Canada's status as colony
  

• one of major constitutional documents

Supreme Court of Canada

• definition
  

• becomes last court of appeal in Canada
  

• becomes last court of appeal in Canada
  

• supports unilateral patriation of Constitution
  

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T

Traill, Catherine Parr

• biography

• diaries

treaties

• aboriginal treaties
  

• oral treaty making

Treaty of Ghent, 1814

• effects on British and Loyalist immigration

Treaty of Paris, 1763

• France surrenders New France
  

• one of major constitutional documents

• impact on aboriginals
  

Treaty of Paris, 1783

• ends American Revolution

Trudeau, Pierre Elliot

• biography
  

• leads renewal of Constitution
  

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U

Underground Railroad

• biography of Harriet Tubman

• definition

• history of

Union of Upper and Lower Canada

• early agitation for
  

• recommended by Lord Durham
  

• enacted in Act of Union, 1840
  

• see also the Act of Union, 1840

Unwritten Constitution

Upper Canada (Canada West)

• settlement of Loyalists
  

• created in Constitutional Act, 1791
  

• adopts English law
  

• calls to reunite with Lower Canada
  

• population growth
  

• rebellion
  

• see also Rebellions of 1837 and 1838
  

• reaction to Durham Report
  

• reunited with Lower Canada
  

• calls for "Rep by Pop"
  

Upper Canada Treaties

Ursulines

• definition

• biography of Marie de l'Incarnation Guyart

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V

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W

War of 1812

• rising nationalism after

• impact on aboriginals
  

War Measures Act, 1914

Wartime Elections Act, 1917

Western Arctic (Inuvialuit) Claims Settlement Act

Women

• Aboriginal women's issues

• Filles du roi, 1663 - 1673

• Ursuline nuns, definition

• immigration of British female domestic servants, 1870 - 1914

Williams Treaties

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X

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Y

Yukon

• birth of
  

• gains Assembly
  

• gold rush and temporary American immigration, 1897 - 1898
  

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Z

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